View source for Lime-GPSDO v1.0 hardware description

== Lime-GPSDO Board Key Features ==

The Lime-GPSDO development board provides high stability clock source for timing sensitive applications. Clock frequency is being constantly monitored inside MAX10 FPGA and tuned by PPS signal from GNSS module. 

[[File:Lime-GPSDO_v1.0.png|center|550px|Lime-GPSDO v1.0 ]]

For more information on the following topics, refer to the respective documents:

* MAX10 device family, refer to Intel documentation [https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/products/fpga/max-series/max-10/support.html link]
* N20B GNSS module resources [http://gamma.spb.ru/images/pdf/N20B_Hardware%20Design_V1.1.pdf link]

Lime-GPSDO board features: 
* '''USB Interface'''
** Silicon labs USBXpress Family USB-to-UART bridge CP2102N.
* '''FPGA Features'''
**MAX10 10M16SAU169C8 device in 169-pin UBGA
**16K logic elements
**549 Kbits embedded memory (M9K) and 2368 Kbits of user Flash Memory
**45 embedded 18x18 multipliers 
**1 PLLs 
*'''FPGA Configuration''' 	
**JTAG mode configuration 
*'''Memory Devices''' 
**4Mbit FLASH
**128Kbit (16K x 8) EEPROM
*'''Connections''' 
**microUSB2.0 (type B)
**SMA connectors for clock IN/OUT, time pulse output and GNSS antenna
**FPGA GPIO header (0.05” pitch)
**FPGA JTAG connectors (0.05” pitch and side connector)  
**5V DC power jack and pinheader
**Backup battery connector for GNSS receiver
**Clock output pinheader
**External UART connector
**External I2C connector
*'''Clock System'''
**30.72MHz VCOCXO:
***Frequency calibration ±0.5ppm;
***Frequency stability over temperature in still air ±20ppb;
***Frequency slope ΔF/ΔT in still air ±1.2ppb/°C
**Possibility to tune VCOCXO by onboard DAC
**Possibility to use GNSS PPS signal as a reference when tuning VCOCXO frequency 
*'''Board Size''' without connectors 50.50mm x 80mm (1.99” x 3.15”)

== Board Overview ==

Lime-GPSDO board version 1.0 picture with highlighted major components and connections presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2. There are three connector types – data and debugging (USB2.0, FPGA GPIO and JTAG), power (DC jack and external supply pinheader), clock source output, GNSS antenna and time pulse output.

[[File:Figure 1 Lime-GPSDO top side components and connectors.png|thumb|center|640px|Figure 1 Lime-GPSDO top side components and connectors]]

[[File:Figure 2 Bottom side components.png|thumb|center|440px|Figure 2 Bottom side components]]


Board components description listed in the Table 1.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1. Board components
! colspan="3"|Featured Devices
|-
! Board reference !! Type !! Description
|-
| IC5||GNSS module||GNSS receiver
|-
| IC5 || FPGA || Intel MAX 10 (10M16SAU169C8G 169-UBGA)
|-
| IC9||USB UART||Silicon labs USB-to-UART bridge
|-
! colspan="3"|Miscellaneous devices onboard
|-
| IC13||IC||Temperature sensor LM75
|-
! colspan="3"|Configuration, Status and Setup Components
|-
| J9||JTAG chain pin header||FPGA programming pin header for Altera USB-Blaster download cable, side connection.
|-
| J10||JTAG chain pin header||FPGA programming pin header for Altera USB-Blaster download cable, 0.05” pitch
|-
| LEDS1, LEDS2, LEDS3||Red-green status LEDs||User defined FPGA indication.
|-
! colspan="3"|General User Input/Output
|-
| J12||Pin header||8 FPGA GPIOs plus 2 power pins, 0.05” pitch
|-
| SW1||Slide switch||4 slide switches connected to FPGA
|-
| SW2||Push button||Push button connected to FPGA
|-
! colspan="3"|Memory Devices
|-
| IC11||EEPROM||128K (16K x 8) EEPROM connected to FPGA
|-
| IC10 || IC || I²C EEPROM Memory 128Kb (16K x 8), connected to FPGA I2C bus
|-
| IC7||Flash memory||4Mbit FLASH memory connected to FPGA
|-
! colspan="3"|Communication Ports
|-
| J11||USB2.0 connector||microUSB2.0 (type B) connector
|-
| J8 ||Header||GNSS USB 2.0 connection header (unused)
|-
| J15||Header||External UART interface header, can be used to control external periphery. Additional logic has to be implemented in FPGA.
|-
| J16||Header||External I2C interface header, can be used to control external periphery. Additional logic has to be implemented in FPGA.
|-
! colspan="3"|Clock Circuitry
|-
| XO1||VCOCXO||30.72MHz voltage-controlled crystal oscillator used as a reference clock.
|-
| XO2||XO||50MHz crystal oscillator, used for FPGA logic.
|-
| IC2||DAC||Analog devices 16bit Digital-to-analog converter for VCOCXO voltage control
|-
| J1 ||Pin header||Optional clock output of XO1
|-
| J2||Pin header||Optional Voltage control input for XO1
|-
| J3||SMA connector||Time pulse output from GNSS modules
|-
| J5||SMA connector||Reference clock output
|-
| J6||U.FL connector||Reference clock output, connector is not fitted by default.
|-
! colspan="3"|Power Supply
|-
| J14||DC input jack||External 5V DC power supply
|-
| J13||Pin header||External 5V DC power supply and main internal power rail
|-
! colspan="3"|Other
|-
| J4||SMA connector||Antenna input for GNSS module
|-
| J7 ||Pin header||Backup battery connection header for GNSS module. Typical 3.0V (follow recommendation in fitted GNSS module datasheet)
|}

== LimeSDR-Mini Board Architecture ==


The heart of the Lime-GPSDO board is Intel MAX10 FPGA. Its main function is to measure VCOCXO clock frequency and tune it by PPS signal from GNSS module and provide control. The block diagram for Lime-GPSDO board is presented in the Figure 3.
[[File:Figure 3 Lime-GPSDO Development Board Block Diagram.png|thumb|center|640px|Figure 3 Lime-GPSDO Development Board Block Diagram ]]

=== GNSS module ===


GNSS module has serial data communication interface, timing pulse and other control signals connected to FPGA. It also has SMA connector for external antenna.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2. GNSS module connection
! Chip pin (IC5)!! Chip reference (IC5) !! Schematic signal name !! FPGA pin !! FPGA I/O standard !! Comment
|-
|3||TIMEPULSE||GNSS_TPULSE||A2||3.3-V LVCMOS||Also connected to J3 SMA conn.
|-
|4||EXTINT||GNSS_EXTINT||B1||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|8||RESET_N||GNSS_RESET||C1||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|14||LNA_EN /RESV||GNSS_OFF||F1||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|15||RTK_STAT /RESV||GNSS_ANT_DET||E1||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|16||GEOFENCE_STAT /RESV||GNSS_ANT_OK||D1||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|18||DDC_SDA /SPI_CSN||GNSS_DDC_SDA||B2||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|19||DDC_SCL /SPI_CLK||GNSS_DDC_SCL||A3||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|20||UART_TX /SPI_MISO||GNSS_UART_TX||B3||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|21||UART_RX /SPI_MOSI||GNSS_UART_RX||A4||3.3-V LVCMOS||
|-
|11 ||RF_IN||RF_IN||- ||-||Connected to J4 SMA conn.
|}

By default time pulse output (J3 SMA connector) is connected to FPGA pin C2 output but can be changed to GNSS time pulse signal by removing R8 resistor and soldering R9 resistors. Refer to Figure 4.


[[File:Figure 4 Time pulse output selection.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 4 Time pulse output selection]]

=== GPIO ===

There are eight general purpose input/output pins from FPGA connected to FPGA GPIO header (J12). Schematic names and pin connections can be found in Table 3. 

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 3. GPIO connection
! Connector pin !! Schematic signal name !! FPGA pin !! FPGA I/O standard !! Comment
|-
| 1||FPGA_GPIO0||M12||3.3V||
|-
| 2||FPGA_GPIO1||M10||3.3V||
|-
| 3||FPGA_GPIO2||N12||3.3V||
|-
| 4||FPGA_GPIO3||N10||3.3V||
|-
| 5||FPGA_GPIO4||M11||3.3V||
|-
| 6||FPGA_GPIO5||M9||3.3V||
|-
| 7||FPGA_GPIO6||N11||3.3V||
|-
| 8||FPGA_GPIO7||N9||3.3V||
|-
| 9||GND||-||||
|-
| 10||VCC||-||||3.3V or 5V selectable power rail.
|}


Voltage for pin 10 of J12 connector can be 3.3V (default) or 5V. To connect this pin to 5V power rail remove R47 and solder R48 resistors (see Figure 5).

[[File:Figure 5 Power rail selection for pin 10 of J12 connector.png|thumb|center|640px|Figure 5 Power rail selection for pin 10 of J12 connector ]]

=== Indication LEDs ===


Lime-GPSDO board comes with four dual color (red and green (RG)) indication LEDs. Most of LEDs are connected to FPGA and their function can be changed. Default LEDs functions and other information are listed in the table below.


{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 4. Default LEDs functions
! Board Reference !! Schematic signal name !! Board label !! FPGA pin !! Description
|-
| rowspan="2"|LED1||FPGA_LED1_G||rowspan="2"| LED1||A11||GNSS lock and VCOCXO tune state: <br> Solid RED – no GPS lock; <br> Blinking RED – GPS is locked, 1s lowest accuracy tune state; <br> Blinking RED/GREEN - GPS is locked, 10s accuracy tune state; <br> Blinking GREEN - GPS is locked, 100s highest accuracy tune state.
|-
||FPGA_LED1_R||B11||
|-
| rowspan="2"|LED2||FPGA_LED2_G||rowspan="2"|LED2||A10||
|-
||FPGA_LED2_R||B10||
|-
| rowspan="2" | LED3||FPGA_LED3_G||rowspan="2" | LED3||A8||
|-
||FPGA_LED3_R||A9||
|-
|rowspan="2" | LED4||-||rowspan="2" | LED4 VCC3P3||-||rowspan="2" | Green LED indicates VCC3P3 power rail presence. Red LED is unused
|-
||-||-
|}

=== Switch and push button ===

There are four sliding switches and one push button connected to FPGA. Sliding switch to “ON” position sets logic “0” level and opposite sets logic “1”. Default functions and connection information are listed in the table below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 5. Default LEDs functions
! Board Reference !! Schematic signal name !! Board label !! FPGA pin !! Description
|-
| rowspan="4"|SW1||FPGA_SW0||rowspan="4"|FPGA SWITCH||N7||rowspan="2"|FPGA_SW[1:0]=x0 - UART of GNNSS module connected to USB UART <br> FPGA_SW[1:0]= 01 - limegnss_gpio module connected to USB UART
|-
||FPGA_SW1||M7
|-
||FPGA_SW2||N8||Not used
|-
||FPGA_SW3||M8||Not used
|-
|SW2||FPGA_BTN||FPGA BTN||B7||Board reset
|}

=== Communication interfaces ===

Lime-GPSDO board has various options of communication interfaces. There is USB-to-UART bridge and micro USB connector, pin headers for UART, I2C and interfaces for onboard periphery. For graphical representation see Figure 6 and detailed description can be found in Table 7.

[[File:Figure 6 Communication interfaces.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 6 Communication interfaces]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 6. Communication interface pins
! Schematic signal name !! FPGA pin !! I/O standard !! Comment
|-
|FPGA_I2C_SCL||J1||3.3V||Serial Clock
|-
|FPGA_I2C_SDA||K1||3.3V||Data
|-
|EXT_I2C_SCL||B4||3.3V||Serial Clock
|-
|EXT_I2C_SDA||A5||3.3V||Data
|-
|FPGA_SPI1_SCLK||N5||3.3V||Serial Clock (FPGA output)
|-
|FPGA_SPI1_MOSI||N4||3.3V||Data, master output
|-
|FPGA_SPI1_DAC_SS||N6||3.3V||Slave select
|-
|FPGA_SPI2_SCLK||M4||3.3V||Serial Clock (FPGA output)
|-
|FPGA_SPI2_MOSI||N3||3.3V||Data, master output
|-
|FPGA_SPI2_FLASH_SS||N2||3.3V||Slave select
|-
|GNSS_UART_TX||B3||3.3V||GNSS UART transmit (FPGA input)
|-
|GNSS_UART_RX||A4||3.3V||GNSS UART receive (FPGA output)
|-
|CP_CTS||F13||3.3V||Clear To Send control input (FPGA output)
|-
|CP_RTS||F12||3.3V||Ready To Send control output (FPGA input)
|-
|CP_RXD||G13||3.3V||Asynchronous data input (FPGA output)
|-
|CP_TXD||G12||3.3V||Asynchronous data output (FPGA input)
|-
|CP_DSR||H13||3.3V||Data Set Ready control input (FPGA output)
|-
|CP_DTR||J13||3.3V||Data Terminal Ready control output (FPGA input)
|-
|EXT_UART_RX||C12||3.3V||UART receive
|-
|EXT_UART_TX||C11||3.3V||UART transmit

|}

=== Temperature sensor ===

Lime-GPSDO has integrated temperature sensor which can be used to monitor board temperature through I2C interface. <br>
Sensor has overtemperature shutdown output connected to FPGA. Which can be used to take actions to reduce board temperature when it rises below set limits. For example, fan will be turned on if board will heat up to 55°C and FAN will be turned off if board will cool down to 45°C.

[[File:Figure 7 FAN control temperature hysteresis.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 7 FAN control temperature hysteresis ]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 7. Temperature sensor pins
! Schematic signal name !! FPGA pin !! I/O standard !! Comment
|-
|FPGA_I2C_SCL||J1||3.3V||Serial Clock
|-
|FPGA_I2C_SDA||K1||3.3V||Data
|-
|LM75_OS||H1||3.3V||Overtemperature shutdown output (FPGA input)
|}

=== Clock Distribution  ===

Lime-GPSDO board has onboard 30.72 MHz VCOCXO that is reference clock output. Clock distribution block diagram is presented in Figure 8.

[[File:Figure 8 Lime-GPSDO board clock distribution block diagram.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 8 Lime-GPSDO board clock distribution block diagram]]
VCOCXO frequency can be tuned by DAC (IC2). There is voltage control input of VCOCXO exposed and connected to J2 pin header. By removing R10 resistor and providing control voltage trough J2 header VCOCXO frequency can be tuned externally. Refer to XO1 Rakon U7475LF datasheet for valid control voltage ranges. <br><br>
J6 SMA connector source can be changed from IC1 clock buffer (default configuration) to FPGA (IC6) clock output by removing R12 and fitting R14 resistors. Refer to Figure 9.
[[File:Figure 9 SMA connector J6 source selection.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 9 SMA connector J6 source selection]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 8. Lime-GPSDO clock pins
! Source !! Schematic signal name !! I/O standard !! FPGA pin !! Description
|-
| rowspan="3" | Clock buffer (IC1)||CLK0_OUT||3.3V||H6||30.72 MHz
|-
|CLK1_OUT||3.3V||-||Connected to J5 SMA connector
|-
|CLK2_OUT||3.3V||-||Connected to J6 SMA connector
|-
|GNSS module IC5||GNSS_TPULSE||3.3V||A2||1PPS time pulse output
|-
|Oscillator (XO2)||CLK50_FPGA||3.3V||H4||50MHz clock source s
|-
| rowspan="2" | FPGA (IC6)||FPGA_TPULSE||3.3V||C2||FPGA 1PPS time pulse output connected to J3
|-
|FPGA_CLK_OUT||3.3V||L3||Clock output from FPGA, can be connected to J6 SMA connectors
|}

=== Power Distribution   ===

Lime-GPSDO board can be powered from USB port. In applications where USB power is insufficient board can be powered from external 5V power supply. External power supply can be fed to J14 barrel power connector by using power plug (1.35mm ID, 3.5mm OD) or pin header J13 (GND and VCC). Also there is an option to power up board from J8 GNSS USB pin header. External power supply connections has automatic source selection between USB and external source with polarity protection. <br><br>
Lime-GPSDO board power distribution block diagram is presented in Figure 10.

[[File:Figure 10 Lime-GPSDO board power distribution block diagram.png|center|thumb|640px|Figure 10 Lime-GPSDO board power distribution block diagram]]